Urine Analysis

3 min read

INTRODUCTION

Urine analysis is a common test used to evaluate kidney function, detect urinary tract infections, and diagnose other diseases. It involves both visual and microscopic examination of a urine sample, as well as chemical analysis using reagent test strips.
This allows characterization of the urine’s physical properties like appearance and odor. Additionally, the microscopic observation of urine sediment provides information related to the various formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, epithelial cells, casts, crystals and microorganisms.
The chemical analysis screens the urine sample for parameters like glucose, proteins, ketones, bilirubin and blood. By analyzing these different components, physicians can obtain valuable clinical information to monitor patients’ health status and disease progression. Urine analysis provides a simple, noninvasive means to assess potential abnormalities in the urinary system and eliminates the need for more complex tests in some cases.

Test Catageory
فئة التحليل

Routine

Refrence Books
كتب مراجع

1. Monica for Medical Laboratory

Skills Required
المهارات المطلوبة

1. Microscopy
2. Interpretation skills

Video Resources
مصادر فيديو

Resource 1
عربي

Principle

Urine analysis involves the microscopic, chemical, and physical examination of urine sample. It allows the detection of metabolites and substances which indicate various disease states and provides useful information about the function of the kidneys, urinary tract, and overall health.

Equipments

Urine sample collection container
Urine analysis reagent test strips to check chemical constituents
Microscope slides and coverslips
Light microscope
Centrifuge
Test tubes and racks
Pipettes
Gloves and lab coat

Sample Type

Fresh Urine Sample

Procedure

1. Collect mid-stream urine sample in a sterile container
2. Check the appearance of sample noting color and clarity
3. Use reagent test strips to determine levels of:Glucose
-Ketones (Report By + )
-Protein (Report By + )
-Blood/hemoglobin (Report By + )
-Bilirubin (Report By + )
-Nitrites (Report By +ve or -Ve )
-Leukocyte esterase (Report By + )
-pH (Alkaline >7 or Acidic <7)
-Glucose (Report By + )
-Urobilinogen (Report By + )
4. Compare color changes to reference chart to obtain semi-quantitative results
5. Centrifuge sample to concentrate cells and particles
6. Prepare a drop of sediment on microscope slide and place coverslip
7. Examine slide under microscope using 10x and 40x objectives
8. Identify and quantify the number of cells – red blood cells, white blood cells, epithelial cells, casts, crystals
9. Report all results and findings

Results

Interpretation:
Pus cells: Increased pus cells signifies urinary tract infection
>5-10 pus cells/HPF is abnormal

Red blood cells:
Hematuria indicates bleeding somewhere in urinary tract
Dysmorphic RBCs suggest glomerular disease

Epithelial cells:
Increased epithelial cells indicates inflammation or damage of renal tubules or bladder

Crystals:
Calcium oxalate: suggests ethylene glycol poisoning or primary hyperoxaluria

Uric acid: indicates gout, tumor lysis

Struvite crystals: infection with urease splitting organisms
Triple Phosphate: suggest alkaline urine and urinary tract infections

Casts:
Red cell casts indicate glomerular bleeding

White cell casts signify inflammation

Granular casts suggest chronic renal disease

Broad/Waxy casts imply advanced kidney disease

Hyaline casts: indicate normal shedding of cells or chronic kidney disease

Yeasts: Presence of yeast like Candida indicates urinary tract infection

Ova:
Schistosoma Hematobium : indicates Shistosomiasis

Trichmonas vaginalis: Indicates Trichmoniasis

Bacteria:
Confirm urinary tract infection

Mucus threads:
Suggest inflammation in urinary tract

Others:
Lipids in nephrotic syndrome
Sperms seen in semen contamination